During the 1950s the American homophile movement emerged in California, providing a public forum for gay and lesbian expression through various organizations and through publications. The three most prominent groups at this time included: Mattachine Society, a gay-male oriented organization, Daughters of Bilitis, a lesbian organization, and One Inc., a mix-sex based organization. Each of these groups produced newsletters and magazines that provided educational resources and a platform for communication among members, and helped to address the silence and isolation that many homosexuals experienced in society. The magazines appeared on newsstands across the U.S. and were available through subscriptions. One Magazine released its first issue in January 1953, Mattachine debuted in 1954, and Homophile Studies was first published in 1958. The contents included short stories on heterosexual love, poetry, book reviews, scholarly articles, and in some cases included sexually graphic artwork, cartoons, and magazine covers.